Sumisión química en los Servicios de Urgencias de la Red Hospitalaria / Chemical submission in the Emergency Services of the Hospital Network

Antecedentes y objetivos: la escopolamina se emplea de forma subrepticia para cometer actos ilícitos. El número de casos de sospecha de consumo de esta sustancia en los servicios sanitarios de urgencias parece haber aumentado en los últimos años. No existe una clara y rigurosa relación con el número de casos descritos en la literatura científica, debido a la dificultad que supone su detección en los sujetos que se encuentran bajo sus efectos. Se plantea la profundización sobre la sumisión química, al describirse un caso clínico registrado en el Servicio de Urgencias del Hospital Central de la Defensa Gómez Ulla y una mejora del abordaje de este tipo de casos desde el triaje. Material y método: el estudio del caso registrado se ha basado en la descripción del método de detección analítico de la escopolamina y se ha apoyado en una revisión bibliográfica empleando distintas bases especializadas en referencia a intoxicación por escopolamina y su empleo en actos delictivos. Resultados: se identificó escopolamina. Al ser una sustancia cuya detección es tiempo-dependiente, el Hospital Central de la Defensa Gómez Ulla estableció un protocolo junto con el Instituto de Toxicología de la Defensa en 2018, a fin de realizar analíticas de identificación de sustancias empleadas en los casos de sospecha de sumisión química. Conclusiones: se plantea la necesidad de establecer protocolos de tipo multidisciplinar adecuados en los servicios de urgencias, estableciendo un diagnóstico diferencial en casos con alteraciones en el nivel de consciencia, al existir la posibilidad de intoxicación por escopolamina y sospecha de sumisión química, ya que la detección de la sustancia es tiempo-dependiente. (AU)

Antecedents and objectives: Scopolamine is used to commit illegal acts. The number of suspected cases of this substance in the Emergency Services seems to have increased in recent years. There is no clear and rigorous relationship with the number of cases described in the scientific literature, due to the difficulty of its detection in subjects who are under its effects. A further study on Chemical Submission is proposed, by describing a clinical case registered in the Emergency Service of the Gómez Ulla Central Defense Hospital and an improvement in the approach to this type of cases from triage. Material and methods: The study of the registered case has been based on the description of the analytical method and supported by a bibliographic review using different specialized bases in reference to Escopolamine poisoning and its use in criminal acts. Results: Being a substance whose detection is time-dependent, the Gómez Ulla Central Defense Hospital established a protocol together with the Defense Toxicology Institute in 2018 in order to carry out identification analyzes of substances used in cases of Suspected Submission Chemistry. Conclusions: The need to establish appropriate multidisciplinary protocols in the Emergency Services arises. Propose a differential diagnosis in cases with alterations in the level of consciousness, as there is the possibility of scopolamine intoxication and suspicion of Chemical Submission, since the detection of the substance is time-dependent. (AU)

Scopolamine fatal outcome in an inmate after buscopan® smoking.

Scopolamine is an alkaloid which acts as competitive antagonists to acetylcholine at central and peripheral muscarinic receptors. We report the case of a 41-year-old male convict with a 27-year history of cannabis abuse who suddenly died in the bed of his cell after having smoked buscopan® tablets. Since both abuse of substances and recent physical assaults had been reported, we opted for a comprehensive approach (post-mortem computed tomography CT (PMCT), full forensic autopsy, and toxicology testing) to determine which was the cause of the death. Virtopsy found significant cerebral edema and lungs edema that were confirmed at the autopsy and at the histopathological examination. Scopolamine was detected in peripheral blood at the toxic concentration of 14 ng/mL in blood and at 263 ng/mL in urine, and scopolamine butyl bromide at 17 ng/mL in blood and 90 ng/mL in urine. Quetiapine, mirtazapine, lorazepam, diazepam, and metabolites and valproate were also detected (at therapeutic concentrations). Inmates, especially when they have a history of drug abuse, are at risk to use any substance they can find for recreational purposes. In prisons, active surveillance on the management and assumption of prescribed drugs could avoid fatal acute intoxication.

Unintentional overdose of hyoscine hydrobromide in a young child.

A 4-year-old girl presented with confusion, ataxia and hallucinations 3 hours after an accidental overdose of 108 µg per kg of hyoscine hydrobromide (Kwells Kids). She was hypotensive and tachycardic at presentation. Investigations revealed QTc prolongation on ECG. The girl was admitted for observation overnight and was noted to have persistent visual and auditory hallucinations, which resolved without treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of an overdose of hyoscine hydrobromide at such a young age. Clinicians should be aware that unintentional ingestions in this age group may present with psychiatric manifestations. Hyoscine hydrobromide is easily accessible and available over the counter. It has serious consequences in overdose. Its packaging and appearance are attractive to young children making it susceptible to unintentional ingestions. We argue that its container should be altered to be more childproof.

[Analytical investigation of a suspected case of drug-facilitated crime]. / Säker och känslig analysmetodik viktig vid misstänkta fall av ofrivillig drogning.

Sometimes it is suspected that people have been involuntary exposed to drugs, usually by spiked drinks. A young woman was transported to an emergency department by ambulance. Her clinical symptoms (decreased consciousness, mydriasis, confusion, hallucinations and urine retention) indicated anticholinergic syndrome that was effectively treated with the antidote physostigmine. A urine sample tested negative for common narcotic drugs and alcohol, but an extended toxicological analysis of the urine revealed the presence of the alkaloid scopolamine. Scopolamine occurs naturally in Solanaceae plants and is used in some medications. The woman reported that the symptoms had appeared soon after she was offered tea by a male acquaintance. The analytical results along with the woman's story indicated that she had been subjected to a drug-facilitated crime. The results further demonstrate that in suspected cases of involuntary drug exposure, testing should cover a wide panel of relevant drugs, otherwise poisoning may be missed.

Postoperative Anticholinergic Poisoning: Concealed Complications of a Commonly Used Medication.

BACKGROUND: Scopolamine is a potent anticholinergic compound used commonly for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Scopolamine can cause atypical anticholinergic syndromes due to its prominent central antimuscarinic effects. CASE REPORT: A 47-year-old female presented to the emergency department (ED) 20 h after hospital discharge for a right-knee meniscectomy, with altered mental status (AMS) and dystonic extremity movements that began 12 h after her procedure. Her vital signs were normal and physical examination revealed mydriasis, visual hallucinations, hyperreflexia, and dystonic movements. Laboratory data, lumbar puncture, and computed tomography were unrevealing. The sustained AMS prompted a re-evaluation that revealed urinary overflow with 500 mL of retained urine discovered on ultrasound and a scopolamine patch hidden behind her ear. Her mental status improved shortly after patch removal and physostigmine, with complete resolution after 24 h with discharge diagnosis of scopolamine-induced anticholinergic toxicity. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Although therapeutically dosed scopolamine transdermal patches rarely cause complications, incomplete toxidromes can be insidiously common in polypharmacy settings. Providers should thoroughly evaluate the skin of intoxicated patients for additional adherent medications that may result in a delay in ED diagnosis and curative therapies. Our case, as well as rare case reports of therapeutic scopolamine-induced anticholinergic toxicity, demonstrates that peripheral anticholinergic effects, such as tachycardia, dry mucous membranes, and hyperpyrexia are often not present, and incremental doses of physostigmine may be required to reverse scopolamine's long duration of action. This further complicates identification of the anticholinergic toxidrome and diagnosis.

Toxicological results in a fatal and two non-fatal cases of scopolamine-facilitated robberies.

The use of scopolamine as an incapacitating drug, in sexual crimes and robberies, has been known for many decades. However, blood concentrations and doses of scopolamine in those cases are largely unknown. Here we present the toxicological results of one fatal and two non-fatal cases in a series of scopolamine-facilitated robberies. In the fatal case, the concentration of scopolamine in heart blood was 0.30mg/L, about 3000 times higher than the average therapeutic level of 0.0001mg/L (for one dermal patch). In femoral blood, the concentration of scopolamine was much lower (0.0048mg/L), but still 50 times higher than therapeutic levels. The scopolamine concentration in the stomach was very high (20mg/kg) as compared to the heart blood and femoral blood, which explains the very high concentration in heart blood by postmortem leakage from the stomach. In the non-fatal case, the scopolamine concentration in serum, obtained 23h after the incident, was 0.00035mg/L. The estimated concentration of scopolamine at the time of the incident is 0.0035mg/L. In the other non-fatal case, scopolamine was detected in urine and in hair.

Primera confirmación en España del uso de la burundanga en una sumisión química atendida en urgencias / Drug facilitated crime using burundanga: First analytical confirmation in Spain

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Intra- and inter-laboratory validation of a dipstick immunoassay for the detection of tropane alkaloids hyoscyamine and scopolamine in animal feed.

Tropane alkaloids (TAs) are toxic secondary metabolites produced by plants of, inter alia, the genera Datura (thorn apple) and Atropa (deadly nightshade). The most relevant TAs are (-)-L-hyoscyamine and (-)-L-scopolamine, which act as antagonists of acetylcholine muscarinic receptors and can induce a variety of distinct toxic syndromes in mammals (anti-cholinergic poisoning). The European Union has regulated the presence of seeds of Datura sp. in animal feeds, specifying that the content should not exceed 1000 mg kg(-1) (Directive 2002/32/EC). For materials that have not been ground, visual screening methods are often used to comply with these regulations, but these cannot be used for ground materials and compound feeds. Immunological assays, preferably in dipstick format, can be a simple and cost-effective approach to monitor feedstuffs in an HACCP setting in control laboratories. So far no reports have been published on immunoassays that are capable of detecting both hyoscyamine and scopolamine with equal sensitivity and that can be used, preferably in dipstick format, for application as a fast screening tool in feed analysis. This study presents the results obtained for the in-house and inter-laboratory validation of a dipstick immunoassay for the detection of hyoscyamine and scopolamine in animal feed. The target level was set at 800 µg kg(-1) for the sum of both alkaloids. By using a representative set of compound feeds during validation and a robust study design, a reliable impression of the relevant characteristics of the assay could be obtained. The dipstick test displayed similar sensitivity towards the two alkaloids and it could be concluded that the test has a very low probability of producing a false-positive result at blank level or a false-negative result at target level. The assay can be used for monitoring of TAs in feedstuffs, but has also potential as a quick screening tool in food- or feed-related poisonings.

Accidental topical exposure to an anticholinergic mimicking an intracranial drug.

Topical hyoscine hydrobromide cross-contamination can occur between individuals and the anticholinergic effects of hyoscine can lead to diagnostic confusion.

Mass intoxication with Datura innoxia--case series and confirmation by analytical toxicology.

BACKGROUND: Anticholinergic plants contain a variety of alkaloids that are toxic if ingested. Datura innoxia belongs to the family of Solanaceae and contains two main toxic alkaloids, atropine and scopolamine. CASE SERIES: In this study we report the case series of seven individuals who were admitted to two different hospitals of Athens with an anticholinergic syndrome. All symptoms manifested after consumption of cooked vegetables (blites). INVESTIGATION: The investigation of the cases revealed that among the vegetables there was also Datura innoxia, which has a similar appearance to blites. Urine and plasma samples of the seven patients, as well as a sample of cooked vegetables, were analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Atropine and scopolamine were confirmed in all urine and vegetable samples, but not in plasma probably because of the delay in sample collection. The urine samples of all patients contained atropine in concentrations between 67.1 and 691.7 ng/mL, while urine concentrations of scopolamine ranged from 32.4 to 186.4 ng/mL. The concentrations of atropine and scopolamine in the cooked vegetables were found to be 0.8 and 1.2 microg/g, respectively. CONCLUSION: All patients recovered completely, although some required mechanical ventilation. The investigation and the presentation of this case series illustrate not only mass intoxication with D. innoxia, but also the utility of analytical toxicology. It also illustrates the dangers of collection of vegetables in the wild.

Epidemic of poisoning caused by scopolamine disguised as Rohypnol tablets.

OBJECTIVE: An epidemic of scopolamine poisonings occurred in Oslo in 2008 among users of illicit drugs, caused by fake Rohypnol pills. The clinical features, diagnostic process, and handling of the epidemic are presented. METHODS: Suspected cases of scopolamine poisoning were extracted by reviewing registration forms from an ongoing prospective clinical study of acute poisonings in Oslo. Medical records of extracted contacts were examined and cases included according to specified clinical criteria. RESULTS: Forty-four cases of probable scopolamine poisoning were registered. Main clinical features were mydriasis, visual hallucinations, plucking behavior, agitation, and coma. No clinical diagnosis of anticholinergic syndrome was made prior to forensic analysis of the tablets, the most frequent diagnosis up to this point being unspecified drug-induced psychosis. Later in the epidemic, scopolamine poisoning became the dominating diagnosis. Ten patients were admitted to psychiatric hospitals, the rest recovered in medical units, or left health care against medical advice. DISCUSSION: Scopolamine poisonings are rare, but the resulting anticholinergic syndrome is well described. The syndrome was not recognized until the forensic analysis result strikingly changed how the patients were diagnosed and handled. A unique aspect of this epidemic was the intoxicating agent being scopolamine-containing tablets looking like Rohypnol, sold and used under the impression of being the latter. CONCLUSION: Recognizing the anticholinergic syndrome is important to provide proper treatment. Forensic analysis was the key to correct diagnosis in this outbreak, demonstrating its importance in verifying an epidemic of poisoning by fake drugs.

Widespread hyoscine hydrobromide toxicity due to contract manufacturer malpractice : the travacalm episode.

An outbreak of hyoscine hydrobromide toxicity was detected through the Australian pharmacovigilance system. The unexpectedly wide variation in hyoscine hydrobromide content between individual tablets within single packets created difficulties in initially explaining the clinical experiences. Strict time requirements for review of incoming adverse drug reaction reports and close involvement of the highly skilled national drug regulatory laboratory resulted in early identification of the cause of the outbreak and led in turn to the identification of malpractice by the contract manufacturer.

[Toxicological analysis of a case of Datura stramonium poisoning].

We encountered a patient in a restless excitable state after eating boiled jimson weed grown in the patient's garden. The patient mistook the weed for Angelica keiskei. Pupillary dilation (7/7mm), weak light reflex, body temperature of 37 degrees C, respiratory frequency of 19/min, blood pressure of 138/88 mmHg, pulse rate of 108/min, and hot feeling were observed. No abnormalities nor special findings were detected by general examination of the peripheral blood, biochemical examination of the blood, general examination of the urine, or electrocardiography. Atropine and scopolamine, which are tropane alkaloids, were detected by the GC/MS. The retention time of atropine-TMS was 17.0 min, and the mass spectra were m/z 124, 82, and 140. The retention time of scopolamine-TMS was 17.7 min, and the mass spectra were m/z 138, 108, 154 and 375. At the time of consultation, the serum concentrations of atropine and scopolamine were 31.3 ng/ml, and 30.6 ng/ml, respectively, and decreased to 6.7 ng/ml and 8.5 ng/ml, respectively, after 2 hours. The patient underwent injection of activated carbon after gastrolavage with 2,000 ml warm water, and neostigmine was administered. The patient awoke the following morning, and was discharged with mild pupillary dilation 2 days after poisoning.

[Determination of scopolamine in the poisoning case by GC/MS].

OBJECTIVE: To separate and determine scopolamine from the food in a poisoning case by GC/MS. METHODS: The scopolamine was determined by GC/MS/El used CP5860(CP-sil8CB) column (30 mx 0.25 mmx 0.33 microm) with liquid- liquid extraction. RESULTS: The deny scopolamine was found in the case sample, and the chromatographic separation of the peaks is fine. CONCLUSION: The method is accurate and reliable.

Intoxicación por escopolamina (‘burundanga’): pérdida de la capacidad de tomar decisiones / Scopolamine poisoning ("burudanga"): loss of the ability to make decisions

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